Tugas Softskills: PRONOUNS, GERUND, INFINITIVES PHRASES, AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

1. PRONOUNS

A. Pengertian

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Pronoun umumnya menggantikan posisi noun yaitu sebagai subject, object ataupun complement.

B. Fungsi

Fungsi pronoun: untuk menyebut sesuatu atau sesorang sebagai ganti kata benda yang sudah disebut dalam kalimat sebelumnya atau si pembicara dan pendengar sudah sama-sama mengetahui benda mana yang dimaksud. Bila tidak ada pronounkita harus mengulang kata atau frase benda berkali-kali

C. Macam-macam Pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang ini digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan penggunaan tersebut.

Subjek	Objek	Arti
I You She He It We They	Me You Her Him It Us Them	Saya, aku Kamu, Anda, kalian Dia (perempuan) Dia (laki-laki) Dia, itu, -nya Kita, kami Mereka

Ex:

· Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. (Tiga hari yang lalu saya bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi).

· My sister bought a new handphone. She loves it very much. (Saudara perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat menyukainya).

· Sule borrowed three books from the library. He must return them in two days. (Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam dua hari).

2. Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)

Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda lihat tabel di bawah ini.

Dependent	Independent
My Your His Her Its Our Their	Mine Your His Hers Its Ours Theirs

Ex:

-This is my book. The book is mine. (Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya)

-This house is theirs. (Rumah ini milik mereka.)

-This is your pencil and those are hers. (Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia).

3. Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam kalimat bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk bentuk jamak.

Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Reflexive Pronoun	Arti
Myself Yourself/yourselves Themselves Ourselves Himself Herself Itself	Saya sendiri Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri Mereka sendiri Kami sendiri Dia sendiri (laki-laki) Dia sendiri (perempuan) Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)

Ex:

· She laughed at herself. (Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri)

· He himself drives to school. (Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah).

· I myself open the door. (Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu).

· My father cooked this meal himself. (Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri).

2. GERUND

A. Pengertian

Gerund adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) yang ditambah suffix (akhiran) ing (verb + ing), berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun).Pengertian lain, gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-ing atau kata kerja diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambah akhiran-ing

B. Fungsi

1. Sebagai Subjek:

Rumus Kalimat : V-ING + P + C/O

Ex: Singing is my hobby.

2. Sebagai Komplemen:

Rumus : S + TO BE + V-ING

Ex : My friend’s favorite hobby is painting.

3.Sebagai Objek Untuk Verb Tertentu:

Rumus : S+ V (salah satu verb diatas)+ O (V-ING)

Ex : After lunch he continue working

4. Objek Posesive (Kepemilikan)

Rumus : POSSESIVE + V-ING

Ex : He want to know your planning

5. Objek Preposisi (Kata Depan)

Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.

Rumus : PREPOSISI + V-ING/BEING

Ex : I’m going to the party after working

C. VERB + GERUND

appreciate (menghargai)

can’t help

complete (menyelesaikan)

deny (menyangkal)

enjoy (menikmati)

finish (menyelesaikan)

dislike (tidak suka)

prefer (lebih suka)

start (mulai)

stop (berhenti)

remember (ingat)

forget (lupa)

Note:

a. Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada infinitive).

b. Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya

c. Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives). Can’t help di sini berarti “not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening “.

Ex :

1. I appreciated being given suggestions by her.

2. Has Bella admitted killing eleven people yet?

3. Sinta always avoids answering my questions.

Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past.

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Phrase pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)

think about (memikirkan)

think of (memikirkan)

succeed in (berhasil)

count on (percaya pada)

depend on (tergantung pada)

insist on (bersikeras pada)

keep on (meneruskan)

Note:

Walaupun diikuti oleh preposition to, phrase pada baris kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan dibingungkan dengan infinitive.

Ex:

1. Have you ever thought of studying abroad?

2. He gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.

3. Jenny insisted on buying that cellphone instead of this one.

3. INFINITIVES PHRASES

A. Pengertian

Infinitives adalah bentuk dasar dari verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris, penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali dengan “to”. Misalnya : to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya.

Beberapa verb (kata kerja) lazim yang dapat diikuti oleh “infinitives” adalah sebagai berikut:

“hope to, plan to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to, etc”.

B. Penggunaan dari Infinitives :

1. Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan.

Ex : The students are to do the school assignment.

2. Sebagai subject

Ex : To study hard makes us clever. ETC

C. INFINITIVE + VERB

RUMUS : Subject + Verb + to infinitive

Ex:

- He refused to go.

- I expect to pass the test.

- I hope to see you again. (Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)

- The driver was ordered to stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk berhenti)

- We’re going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?

D. ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVES

Adjective adalah suatu kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing (benda).

Jenis – jenis adjective :

1. Adjective position

2. Adjective order

3. Adjective degree

4. Adjective clause

RUMUS :

(kalimat) + Adjective + to infinitive

Ex : English is easy to learn

4. AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

A. Pengertian

Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, sodigunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu).

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and so will I

2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I

3. My wife talked about it, and so did I

4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I

Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and I will too

2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too

3. My wife talked about it, and I did also

4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also

When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
Ex:

1.When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]

Example: I am happy and you are too.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.

2.When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.

3.When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]

Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:

1. Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.

2. We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.

3. My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.

4. My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.

5. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.

6. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Additional

Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.

2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.

3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.

4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.

5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.

6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.

7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.

8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.

9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.

10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.

Negative Agreement

Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I

3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I

4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I

Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either

3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either.

Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I

My wife has talked about it, and I have too

My roommate won't go, and neither will I

My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

Ex:

1. The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.

2. We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.

3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.

4. My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.

5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]

Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning

I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.

I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.

Additional examples:

1.The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.

2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.

3. I haven’t worked there long, and neither have you.

Daftar Pustaka

http://hikmawandiny.blogspot.com/2014/01/affirmative-and-negative-agreement.htm

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/04/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-infinitives.html