1. PRONOUNS
A.
Pengertian
Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah
kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata
ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai
object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk
menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri
(reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Pronoun umumnya menggantikan posisi noun
yaitu sebagai subject, object ataupun complement.
B. Fungsi
Fungsi pronoun:
untuk menyebut sesuatu atau sesorang sebagai ganti kata benda yang sudah
disebut dalam kalimat sebelumnya atau si pembicara dan pendengar sudah
sama-sama mengetahui benda mana yang dimaksud. Bila tidak ada pronounkita
harus mengulang kata atau frase benda berkali-kali
C. Macam-macam
Pronoun
1.
Personal Pronoun
(kata ganti orang)
Personal pronoun
adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang
ini digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan
penggunaan tersebut.
Subjek
|
Objek
|
Arti
|
I
You
She
He
It
We
They
|
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Us
Them
|
Saya, aku
Kamu, Anda, kalian
Dia (perempuan)
Dia (laki-laki)
Dia, itu, -nya
Kita, kami
Mereka
|
Ex:
·
Three days ago I
met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. (Tiga hari
yang lalu saya bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi).
·
My sister bought a new handphone. She loves it very
much. (Saudara perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat
menyukainya).
·
Sule borrowed three
books from the library. He must return them in two
days. (Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya
dalam dua hari).
2.
Possessive Pronoun
(kata ganti milik)
Possessive pronoun
adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun
yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent
(ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda
lihat tabel di bawah ini.
Dependent
|
Independent
|
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
|
Mine
Your
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Theirs
|
Ex:
-This is my book. The
book is mine. (Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya)
-This house is
theirs. (Rumah ini milik mereka.)
-This is your pencil
and those are hers. (Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia).
3.
Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam kalimat
bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti
ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk
bentuk jamak.
Perhatikan tabel di
bawah ini.
Reflexive Pronoun
|
Arti
|
Myself
Yourself/yourselves
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
|
Saya sendiri
Kamu sendiri/kalian
sendiri
Mereka sendiri
Kami sendiri
Dia sendiri
(laki-laki)
Dia sendiri
(perempuan)
Dia sendiri (benda
atau binatang)
|
Ex:
·
She laughed at
herself. (Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri)
·
He himself drives to
school. (Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah).
·
I myself open the
door. (Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu).
·
My father cooked this
meal himself. (Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri).
.
2. GERUND
A. Pengertian
Gerund
adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) yang ditambah suffix
(akhiran) ing (verb + ing), berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun).Pengertian
lain, gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-ing atau kata kerja diubah
menjadi kata benda dengan menambah akhiran-ing
B. Fungsi
1. Sebagai Subjek:
Rumus Kalimat : V-ING
+
P
+ C/O
Ex: Singing is my
hobby.
2. Sebagai Komplemen:
Rumus :
S
+ TO BE
+ V-ING
Ex : My
friend’s favorite hobby is painting.
3.Sebagai Objek Untuk Verb Tertentu:
Rumus : S+ V (salah satu verb diatas)+ O (V-ING)
Ex : After lunch he continue working
4. Objek Posesive (Kepemilikan)
Rumus
: POSSESIVE + V-ING
Ex : He want
to know your planning
5. Objek Preposisi (Kata Depan)
Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah
preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.
Rumus : PREPOSISI + V-ING/BEING
Ex : I’m
going to the party after working
C. VERB + GERUND
appreciate
(menghargai)
can’t help
complete
(menyelesaikan)
deny (menyangkal)
enjoy (menikmati)
finish
(menyelesaikan)
dislike (tidak suka)
prefer (lebih suka)
start (mulai)
stop (berhenti)
remember (ingat)
forget (lupa)
Note:
a. Verbs pada baris kedua selain
diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan
bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada infinitive).
b. Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat
diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya
c. Verbs pada baris pertama selalu
diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives). Can’t help di sini
berarti “not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening “.
Ex :
1. I appreciated being given
suggestions by her.
2. Has Bella admitted killing eleven
people yet?
3. Sinta always avoids answering my
questions.
Note: Gunakan gerund
setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past.
VERB + PREPOSITION +
GERUND
Phrase
pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund
(tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)
think about
(memikirkan)
think of (memikirkan)
succeed in (berhasil)
count on (percaya
pada)
depend on (tergantung
pada)
insist on (bersikeras
pada)
keep on (meneruskan)
Note:
Walaupun diikuti oleh
preposition to, phrase pada baris kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan
dibingungkan dengan infinitive.
Ex:
1. Have you ever thought of studying
abroad?
2. He gave up smoking because of his
doctor’s advice.
3. Jenny insisted on buying that
cellphone instead of this one.
3. INFINITIVES PHRASES
A.
Pengertian
Infinitives adalah
bentuk dasar dari verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris,
penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali dengan “to”. Misalnya
: to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya.
Beberapa verb (kata kerja) lazim yang dapat
diikuti oleh “infinitives” adalah sebagai berikut:
“hope to, plan to, advise to, command
to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer
to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like
to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to,
order to, etc”.
B.
Penggunaan dari Infinitives :
1. Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were)
untuk menyatakan keharusan.
Ex : The students are to do the
school assignment.
2. Sebagai subject
Ex : To study hard makes us clever.
ETC
C. INFINITIVE
+ VERB
RUMUS
: Subject + Verb + to infinitive
Ex:
- He refused to go.
- I expect to pass the test.
- I hope to see you again.
(Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)
- The driver was ordered to
stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk berhenti)
- We’re going out for dinner. Would you like
to join us?
D.
ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVES
Adjective adalah
suatu kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun
yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun
thing (benda).
Jenis – jenis adjective :
1. Adjective
position
2. Adjective
order
3. Adjective
degree
4. Adjective
clause
RUMUS
:
(kalimat)
+ Adjective + to infinitive
Ex : English is easy to learn
4. AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
A.
Pengertian
Sebenarnya
kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga,
pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat
perbedaan, sodigunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata
bantu).
1. My wife will talk to him
and so will I
2. My wife has talked about it,
and so have I
3. My wife talked about it,
and so did I
4. My wife is talking about it,
and so am I
Sedangkan too dan
also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.
Example:
1. My wife will talk to him and I
will too
2. My wife has talked about it, and I
have too
3. My wife talked about it, and I
did also
4. My wife is talking about it, and I
am also
When
indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another
does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words
from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple
statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether
so or too is used.
Ex:
1.When a form of the verb be is used in the
main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that
follows.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb
(be) + too]
Example: I am happy and you are too.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so +
verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.
2.When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for
example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs
in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple
statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and +
[ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and
Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and so
does Bella.
3.When any verb except be appears without any
auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the
simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the
same.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be)
+ and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and
Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did +
S ]
Example:
1. Mark
sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2. We want to
buy a fountain, and she does too.
3. My
mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
4. My
brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
5. They wrote a
good poem, and so did he.
6. Fred cooked fried
rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
Additional
Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has already written her composition,
and so have her friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock,
and so is mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon,
and so should my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do
too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and
so do we.
9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and
you have too.
10. I must write them a letter, and she must
too.
Negative
Agreement
Hampir
sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either
memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for
example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2. My roommate hasn't gone,
and neither have I
3. My roommate doesn't go,
and neither do I
4. My roommate isn't going,
and neither am I
Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary
verb dan kata "not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I
haven't either
3. My roommate doesn't go, and I
don't either
4. My roommate isn't going, and I am
not either.
Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk
pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata "..and.." harus
sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
My wife has talked about it, and
I have too
My roommate won't go, and
neither will I
My roommate doesn't go, and
I don't either
Ex:
1. The
manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his
assistant.
2. We can’t study
in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay
the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My
brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t
either.
5. He doesn’t know
the answer, and neither does she.
“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements
much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither
are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and
do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + [ S + negative
auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward
didn’t either.
I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did
Edward.
Additional examples:
1.The students won’t accept the dean’s
decision, and the faculty won’t either.
2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad
weather, and neither could the Angels.
3. I haven’t worked there long, and neither
have you.
Daftar
Pustaka
http://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/7-jenis-pronoun-yang-harus-anda-ketahui/
