Causative Verbs and Relative Pronouns

1.    Causative Verbs

            Causative verb express an action which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs.

 The use of the causative verbs :

·         Have

( Subject + Have + person + verb )

The contruction means “to give someone the responsibility to do something”. = “menyuruh” orang yang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu.

Example :

I had the mechanic check the brakes

Please have your secretary fax me the information

Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient’s temperature.

·         Make

( Subject + Make + Person + Verb )

This contruction means “ to force someone to do something “ = Memaksa seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

Example :

Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat ?

She made her children do their homework.

My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

·         Let

( Subject + Let + Person + Verb )

This contruction means “ to allow someone to do something “ = Membolehkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

Example :

Will you parents let you go to the party ?

I don’t know if my boss will let me take the day off.

John let me drive his new car.

·         Get              

( Subject + Get + Person +Verb)

This contruction usually means “ to convince to do something “ or “ to trick someone into doing something”. Cara untuk “meyakinkan” seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

Example :

The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking

How can parents get their children to read more?

Susie got her son to take the medicine even though is taste terrible.

                                                    

2. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang mendahuluinya (antecedent) yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat.Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent clause atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause.

Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.

Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).

Example :

- The filing cabinet, which we purchase last week, is very well built.

- The book that describes about behaviour of animal is expensive.

- The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend

- The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

- The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.

Who disebut sebagai subject pronoun dan whom sebagai object pronoun. Hal ini bisa dibandingkan dengan he dan him, they dan them, dsb.

- the man who was there (bandingkan ‘he was there’)

- the man whom I saw (bandingkan ‘I saw him’)

Kata whom lebih sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Dalam penggunaannya sehari-hari, baik dalam bentuk percakapan maupun tulisan, whom biasanya diganti dengan who.

- the man who I saw                                 

- the man who you were speaking to

Whom tidak bisa digantikan oleh who bila sebelumnya didahului oleh preposition.

- the man to whom you were speaking

- They elected Smith chairman, than whom there could have been no better choice.

Biasanya bentuk preposition + whom ini dipakai dalam bahasa Inggris formal.

Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, dan the book disebut dengan istilah antecedent.

Example :

- He was accused of being drunk in charge of a vehicle, which is a serious offence.

- That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.

- Voters whose names begin with the letters M to Z should go to Room 2.

- A mole is an animal that lives underground.

- Hands up everyone who would like a drink.

Untuk menunjuk pada orang, gunakan relative pronouns: who, whom, whosedan that.

Example :

- the man that I saw

- the man whom I saw  (meskipun pemakaian whom juga benar, that lebih disarankan sebagai object pronoun)

- the man who spoke

-the man that spoke (meskipun pemakaian that juga benar, who lebih disarankan sebagai subject pronoun)

Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative pronouns:which, that dan whose.

Example :

- the cat that was sitting on the mat

- the book whose cover was torn

- the cat which was sitting on the mat

Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu benda, of which bisa dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.

- a book the cover of which was torn

Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata ganti seperti whoever, whomever, whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronounstanpa antecedent).

Example :

- She said whatever came to mind.

- The boy will tease whomever he likes.

- Let in whoever comes to me.

Kata what juga dapat digunakan sebagai indefinite relative pronouns.

Example :

- I know what I like.

- I will tell you what you need to know.