1.
Causative Verbs
Causative verb express an action
which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have something done for me I
cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask
someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs.
The use of the
causative verbs :
·
Have
( Subject + Have +
person + verb )
The contruction means
“to give someone the responsibility to do something”. = “menyuruh” orang
yang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Example :
I had the mechanic
check the brakes
Please have your
secretary fax me the information
Dr. Smith had his
nurse take the patient’s temperature.
·
Make
( Subject + Make +
Person + Verb )
This contruction
means “ to force someone to do something “ = Memaksa seseorang melakukan
sesuatu.
Example :
Did somebody make you
wear that ugly hat ?
She made her children
do their homework.
My teacher made me
apologize for what I had said.
·
Let
( Subject + Let +
Person + Verb )
This contruction
means “ to allow someone to do something “ = Membolehkan seseorang
melakukan sesuatu.
Example :
Will you parents let
you go to the party ?
I don’t know if my
boss will let me take the day off.
John let me drive his
new car.
·
Get
( Subject + Get +
Person +Verb)
This contruction
usually means “ to convince to do something “ or “ to trick someone into doing
something”. Cara untuk “meyakinkan” seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Example :
The government TV
commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking
How can parents get their
children to read more?
Susie got her son to
take the medicine even though is taste terrible.
2. Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda
yang mendahuluinya (antecedent)
yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat.Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent clause atau anak
kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause.
Kata ganti yang
digunakan adalah: who, whom,
whose, which, dan that.
Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that pada contoh di atas
menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the
man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).
Example :
- The filing cabinet, which we
purchase last week, is very well built.
- The book that describes
about behaviour of animal is expensive.
- The boy whom we
visited is her boyfriend
- The man who is
sitting in the corner is my friend.
- The girl whose car
was sold will go to study abroad.
Who disebut sebagai subject pronoun dan whom sebagai object pronoun. Hal ini bisa dibandingkan dengan he dan him, they dan them,
dsb.
- the man who was there (bandingkan ‘he was there’)
- the man whom I saw (bandingkan ‘I saw him’)
Kata whom lebih sering digunakan
dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Dalam penggunaannya sehari-hari, baik dalam bentuk
percakapan maupun tulisan, whom
biasanya diganti dengan who.
- the man who I
saw
- the man who you
were speaking to
Whom tidak bisa digantikan oleh who bila sebelumnya
didahului oleh preposition.
- the man to whom you
were speaking
- They elected Smith chairman, than whom there could have been no better choice.
Biasanya bentuk preposition + whom ini dipakai
dalam bahasa Inggris formal.
Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata
ganti) seperti the man, the boy,
the girl, the filling cabinet, dan the book disebut dengan istilah antecedent.
Example :
- He was accused of being
drunk in charge of a vehicle, which is a serious
offence.
- That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.
- Voters whose
names begin with the letters M to Z should go to Room 2.
- A mole is an animal that
lives underground.
- Hands up everyone who
would like a drink.
Untuk menunjuk pada
orang, gunakan relative
pronouns: who, whom, whosedan that.
Example :
- the man that I
saw
- the man whom I
saw (meskipun pemakaian whom juga
benar, that lebih
disarankan sebagai object pronoun)
- the man who spoke
-the man that spoke (meskipun
pemakaian that juga
benar, who lebih
disarankan sebagai subject
pronoun)
Untuk menunjuk pada
benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative
pronouns:which, that dan whose.
Example :
- the cat that was
sitting on the mat
- the book whose cover
was torn
- the cat which was
sitting on the mat
Ketika menunjuk pada
sesuatu benda, of which bisa
dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.
- a book the cover of which was
torn
Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata
ganti seperti whoever, whomever,
whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronounstanpa antecedent).
Example :
- She said whatever came
to mind.
- The boy will tease whomever he
likes.
- Let in whoever comes
to me.
Kata what juga dapat digunakan
sebagai indefinite relative
pronouns.
Example :
- I know what I
like.
- I will tell you what you
need to know.
